Antibodies play a vital role in the immune system by providing protection against foreign invaders, such as bacteria and viruses. Produced by B cells, antibodies are protein molecules that can be harnessed to treat cancers, autoimmune disorders, and various infectious diseases. However, the human immune system may recognize modified therapeutic antibodies as foreign substances, reducing their efficacy. To overcome this challenge, the following two processes have been developed: antibody humanization and affinity maturation.